What is the definition of debt in a governmental context?

In a governmental context, debt refers specifically to the obligation that arises from borrowing money, which is typically to finance projects, operations, or expenditures that cannot be funded through current revenues. This borrowing often involves issuing bonds or taking loans, with a commitment to repay the principal amount along with interest over time.

This definition encompasses the key characteristics that differentiate debt from other financial concepts in governance, such as liabilities, which may include other financial obligations like accounts payable, but do not specifically denote the act of borrowing with a repayment plan. It also distinguishes debt from financial reserves or funds that are available without obligations, as those do not exist in a borrowing framework. Understanding this definition is crucial for municipal finance officers as they manage funds and financial obligations for their municipalities.